Each E-Liquid Base can have the different density of nicotine: - Non nicotine: 0mg or 0% of nicotine, which equivalents to No Nicotine. Low density: such as 0.6%, 1% or 1.2% of nicotine, which equivalent to Ultra Light Strength Cigarettes. Medium density: such as 1.8%, 2% or 2.4% of nicotine, which equivalent to Medium Strength Cigarettes. The database offers consumers an easy-to-use search function for existing records in a readily downloadable format. There is also a consumer-friendly selection tool as well as a search-by-model function. The public certification database houses only certification records of current basic models that have been submitted within the past year.
Liquid
- Behaviour of pure liquids
- Solutions and solubilities
- Classes of solutions
- Properties of solutions
- Composition ratios
- Equilibrium properties
- Colligative properties
- Transport properties in solutions
- Thermodynamics and intermolecular forces in solutions
- Molecular structure and charge distribution
- Effects of chemical interactions
- Theories of solutions
- Regular and athermal solutions
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John M. PrausnitzSee All ContributorsProfessor of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. Author of Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria.
Alternative Title: liquid state
Liquid, in physics, one of the three principal states of matter, intermediate between gas and crystalline solid.
Physical properties of liquids
The most obvious physical properties of a liquid are its retention of volume and its conformation to the shape of its container. When a liquid substance is poured into a vessel, it takes the shape of the vessel, and, as long as the substance stays in the liquid state, it will remain inside the vessel. Furthermore, when a liquid is poured from one vessel to another, it retains its volume (as long as there is no vaporization or change in temperature) but not its shape. These properties serve as convenient criteria for distinguishing the liquid state from the solid and gaseous states. Gases, for example, expand to fill their container so that the volume they occupy is the same as that of the container. Solids retain both their shape and volume when moved from one container to another.
Liquids may be divided into two general categories: pure liquids and liquid mixtures. On Earth, water is the most abundant liquid, although much of the water with which organisms come into contact is not in pure form but is a mixture in which various substances are dissolved. Such mixtures include those fluids essential to life—blood, for example—beverages, and seawater. Seawater is a liquid mixture in which a variety of salts have been dissolved in water. Even though in pure form these salts are solids, in oceans they are part of the liquid phase. Thus, liquid mixtures contain substances that in their pure form may themselves be liquids, solids, or even gases.
The liquid state sometimes is described simply as the state that occurs between the solid and gaseous states, and for simple molecules this distinction is unambiguous. However, clear distinction between the liquid, gaseous, and solid states holds only for those substances whose molecules are composed of a small number of atoms. When the number exceeds about 20, the liquid may often be cooled below the true melting point to form a glass, which has many of the mechanical properties of a solid but lacks crystalline order. If the number of atoms in the molecule exceeds about 100–200, the classification into solid, liquid, and gas ceases to be useful. At low temperatures such substances are usually glasses or amorphous solids, and their rigidity falls with increasing temperature—i.e., they do not have fixed melting points; some may, however, form true liquids. With these large molecules, the gaseous state is not attainable, because they decompose chemically before the temperature is high enough for the liquid to evaporate. Synthetic and natural high polymers (e.g., nylon and rubber) behave in this way.
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If the molecules are large, rigid, and either roughly planar or linear, as in cholesteryl acetate or p-azoxyanisole, the solid may melt to an anisotropic liquid (i.e., one that is not uniform in all directions) in which the molecules are free to move about but have great difficulty in rotating. Such a state is called a liquid crystal, and the anisotropy produces changes of the refractive index (a measure of the change in direction of light when it passes from one medium into another) with the direction of the incident light and hence leads to unusual optical effects. Liquid crystals have found widespread applications in temperature-sensing devices and in displays for watches and calculators. However, no inorganic compounds and only about 5 percent of the known organic compounds form liquid crystals. The theory of normal liquids is, therefore, predominantly the theory of the behaviour of substances consisting of simple molecules.
A liquid lacks both the strong spatial order of a solid, though it has the high density of solids, and the absence of order of a gas that results from the low density of gases—i.e., gas molecules are relatively free of each other’s influence. The combination of high density and of partial order in liquids has led to difficulties in developing quantitatively acceptable theories of liquids. Understanding of the liquid state, as of all states of matter, came with the kinetic molecular theory, which stated that matter consisted of particles in constant motion and that this motion was the manifestation of thermal energy. The greater the thermal energy of the particle, the faster it moved.
Transitions between states of matter
In very general terms, the particles that constitute matter include molecules, atoms, ions, and electrons. In a gas these particles are far enough from one another and are moving fast enough to escape each other’s influence, which may be of various kinds—such as attraction or repulsion due to electrical charges and specific forces of attraction that involve the electrons orbiting around atomic nuclei. The motion of particles is in a straight line, and the collisions that result occur with no loss of energy, although an exchange of energies may result between colliding particles. When a gas is cooled, its particles move more slowly, and those slow enough to linger in each other’s vicinity will coalesce, because a force of attraction will overcome their lowered kinetic energy and, by definition, thermal energy. Each particle, when it joins others in the liquid state, gives up a measure of heat called the latent heat of liquefaction, but each continues to move at the same speed within the liquid as long as the temperature remains at the condensation point. The distances that the particles can travel in a liquid without colliding are on the order of molecular diameters. As the liquid is cooled, the particles move more slowly still, until at the freezing temperature the attractive energy produces so high a density that the liquid freezes into the solid state. They continue to vibrate, however, at the same speed as long as the temperature remains at the freezing point, and their latent heat of fusion is released in the freezing process. Heating a solid provides the particles with the heat of fusion necessary to allow them to escape one another’s influence enough to move about in the liquid state. Further heating provides the liquid particles with their heat of evaporation, which enables them to escape one another completely and enter the vapour, or gaseous, state.
This starkly simplified view of the states of matter ignores many complicating factors, the most important being the fact that no two particles need be moving at the same speed in a gas, liquid, or solid and the related fact that even in a solid some particles may have acquired the energy necessary to exist as gas particles, while even in a gas some particles may be practically motionless for a brief time. It is the average kinetic energy of the particles that must be considered, together with the fact that the motion is random. At the interface between liquid and gas and between liquid and solid, an exchange of particles is always taking place: slow gas molecules condensing at the liquid surface and fast liquid molecules escaping into the gas. An equilibrium state is reached in any closed system, so that the number of exchanges in either direction is the same. Because the kinetic energy of particles in the liquid state can be defined only in statistical terms (i.e., every possible value can be found), discussion of the liquid (as well as the gaseous) state at the molecular level involves formulations in terms of probability functions.
Quick Facts
- key people
- related topics
Confused while converting liquid ounces to cups and cups to teaspoons? Well, then a chart with liquid measurements is all you need to make your life easier and simpler.
Measuring liquids is not an easy job. Yes, we do have the modern measuring cups with all the volume definitions. But what do you do when a recipe asks you to use a certain number of cups or teaspoons or tablespoons? And then, some recipes ask you to use a certain amount of liquid ounces or milliliters? Tricky as it is, we have made it easy for you here.
Back to Basics
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We all know what a cup is and what the different types of spoons are. But we do not know their measurements or how much quantity each of them hold. Let us just get back to the basics and understand the simplest forms of measurement.
What are Cups?
Cup | mL | Cup | mL |
Metric | 250 | US Customary | 237 |
US Legal | 240 | Imperial | 284 |
Japanese | 200 | – | – |
A cup is a regular household unit of measurement. Recipes across the globe use cup measurements to give out quantities. However, the cups we use in our household can be different from the standard cups used in these recipes. But then again, are the standard cups we use in these recipes standardized in all the countries? No, they aren’t! Cup sizes and their volume capacities differ in different countries.
Teaspoons and Tablespoons
Standard | mL | Household | mL |
Tbsp. | 15 | Tbsp. | 7 – 14 |
Tsp. | 5 | Tsp. | 2 – 6 |
Teaspoons and tablespoons are basic cutlery items found in every household. They are used to eat with, for serving food, and while cooking, they are used to measure smaller quantities. However, the spoons we use in our households differ from the ones used in the recipes. Even the measurements of teaspoon and tablespoon differs in some countries.
Convenient Conversions
There are some standard units for measuring liquid or fluid. The basic units include fluid ounces and liters. In addition, we use cups, teaspoons, and tablespoons. And it is these measurements that are used in everyday recipes. But what if one of these is missing? What if you want a substitute?
The table below helps convert all possible teaspoon, tablespoon, and cup measurements into liters and ounces.
Copied – copy and paste everywhere 1 1 9. Chart for Liquid Measurement
1 tsp. | NA | ⅓ tbsp. | 5 mL |
1 tbsp. | ½ fl. oz. | 3 tsp. | 15 mL |
2 tbsp. | 1 fl. oz. | 6 tsp. | 30 mL |
¼ cup | 2 fl. oz. | 4 tbsp. | 59 mL |
⅓ cup | 2⅔ fl. oz. | 5 tbsp. + 1 tsp. | 79 mL |
½ cup | 4 fl. oz. | 8 tbsp. | 118 mL |
⅔ cup | 5⅓ fl. oz. | 10 tbsp. + 2 tsp. | 158 mL |
¾ cup | 6 fl. oz. | 12 tbsp. | 177 mL |
1 cup | 8 fl. oz. | 16 tbsp. | 237 mL |
2 cups | 16 fl. oz. | 32 tbsp. | 473 mL |
4 cups | 32 fl. oz. | 1 quart | 946 mL |
Here are some more units of measurements. Although they are never used for everyday recipes, these conversions just may save the day whilst grocery shopping and stocking. They also help decide what size and amount of containers should be brought for storing and preserving purposes.
Higher Units of Measurement
Higher Units | 1 pint | 1 Quart | 1 Gallon |
Teaspoon | 96 | 192 | 768 |
Tablespoon | 32 | 64 | 256 |
Fluid Ounces | 16 | 32 | 128 |
Milliliter | 473 | 946 | 3785 |
Cup | 2 | 4 | 16 |
Pint | 1 | 2 | 8 |
Quart | ½ | 1 | 4 |
Higher Units | ⅛ | ¼ | 1 |
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UK and US measurements in every aspect are different; and it applies here to. So, what to do when you have a recipe in UK measurements? Here is another chart to help you out with the conversions from UK to US.
UK | fl. oz./mL | US |
1 Pint | 19 fl. oz./570 mL | 1 pint + ⅓ cup |
1 Breakfast Cup | 10 fl. oz./300 mL | 1 cup + ¼ cup |
1 Teacup | 6.5 fl. oz./190 mL | Appx. ¾ cup |
Here are some more international conversions to help you with your everyday task of cooking.
Countries | Standard Cup | 1 Tbsp. | 1 Tsp. |
United States (US) | 237 mL | 15 mL | 5 mL |
United Kingdom (UK) | 284 mL | 15 mL | 5 mL |
Canada | 250 mL | 20 mL | 5 mL |
Australia | 250 mL | 20 mL | 5 mL |
New Zealand | 250 mL | 15 mL | 5 mL |
Liquid Database 1 100
Dry Dilemma
Recipes in the United States usually do not use dry measurements. These measurements are used for everyday items that are sold on weight such as grains and fruits. However, just in case, here is a table to help you solve your dry measurement problems. We just eased conversions from dry measurements to liquid measurements.
Dry | Milliliters | Fluid Ounces |
1 Pint | 551 mL | 19 fl. oz. |
1 Quart | 1101 mL | 37 fl. oz. |
1 Peck | 8810 mL | 298 fl. oz. |
Please Note: The figures mentioned in the charts above contain the approximate values. For instance, 4.93 mL is rounded off to 5 mL, and so on.
These charts can help you a lot in your daily cooking sessions to make accurate measurements. According to the liquid measurements chart, the liquid is to be measured with a clear glass or plastic cup that has a pouring spout. Steel spoons are used wherever the spoons are mentioned in the said chart. The calibrated measuring cups made up of ¼ cup, ⅓ cup, ½ cup, and 1 cup sizes are available. The spoons used for daily measurements are ⅛ teaspoons, ¼ teaspoons, ½ teaspoons, 1 teaspoon, and 1 tablespoon.
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Apart from cooking, the conversion chart is used in agricultural experiments and other scientific experiments. It is also introduced and taught in third and fourth grade. So, make this easier and simpler for your children too. Explain it to them by using these charts and tables. So go ahead, measure!
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